Updated at 6:28 p.m. ET
TikTok has filed a federal lawsuit against the Trump administration arguing that the president's executive order taking aim at the Chinese-owned app is unconstitutional and should be blocked from taking effect.
The suit, which has been expected for weeks, claims that President Trump's Aug. 6 executive action declaring a national emergency that would effectively ban the video-sharing app in the U.S. was taken without any opportunity for the company to be heard, allegedly violating its due-process rights.
TikTok's attorneys additionally claim the president exceeded his authority in issuing the order and that the planned ban violates the company's free speech rights, arguing that computer code is a type of expression protected under the First Amendment.
The Trump administration has long maintained that TikTok's Beijing-based parent company, ByteDance, could share Americans' personal data with China's authoritarian government, something the White House considers a national security threat.
But in its lawsuit, TikTok said it has taken "extraordinary measures" to protect the privacy of more than 100 million U.S. citizens who use TikTok by storing their data outside China in Virginia, with backup in Singapore, as well as building "software barriers" to ensure data that TikTok harvests stays separate from ByteDance.
"The executive order seeks to ban TikTok purportedly because of the speculative possibility that the application could be manipulated by the Chinese government," TikTok's lawsuit says.
Attorneys for the company say Trump's crackdown on TikTok is not driven by genuine national security concerns but rather an attempt "to further the president's anti-China political campaign."
Trump's executive order would make it a crime for U.S. citizens to have any business transactions with TikTok. The order would likely force Apple and Google to remove the service from app stores and deprive users who already have the app of critical updates.
Violators could face fines up to $300,000, or even criminal charges, according to the emergency economic powers Trump cited in his executive order. Typically, such sanctions have been leveled against foreign terrorist organizations and kleptocrats, not technology companies.
Exercising his authority under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the president did not follow due process and did not act in good faith by not providing any evidence that TikTok is an actual threat, nor did the administration justify punishing the app, attorneys for TikTok argue.
"The executive order is not rooted in bona fide national security concerns. Independent national security and information security experts have criticized the political nature of this executive order, and expressed doubt as to whether its stated national security objective is genuine," TikTok's attorneys wrote.
TikTok gathers data on users comparable to other apps controlled by major U.S. technology companies, but it states in its privacy guidelines that it can share information with its Chinese owners, which has caused alarms in Washington.
In the suit, TikTok points out that national security experts have openly questioned whether its lighthearted videos can really provide much intelligence to Beijing authorities.
"The vast majority of TikTok videos could not reasonably be construed to in any way relate to national security, nor is its user data more susceptible to collection by Chinese authorities than from any number of other sources," the lawsuit says.
Separately, Trump has ordered ByteDance to sell its U.S. assets to an American company, an additional pressure intended to speed up an acquisition of TikTok by a U.S. firm.
In 2017, ByteDance acquired China-based lip-syncing app Musical.ly, which had accrued a sizable American following that helped fuel the rise of TikTok in the United States. As part of that takeover, regulators in Washington reviewed "voluminous documentation" about the company's security practices, a process that ultimately secured the blessing of American authorities.
In its suit, TikTok's legal team says the Trump administration ignored the findings of that review.
"Among other evidence, ByteDance submitted detailed documentation to CFIUS demonstrating TikTok's security measures to help ensure U.S. user data is safeguarded in storage and in transit and cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons — including any government — outside the United States," according to the lawsuit. (CFIUS, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, is a group led by the Treasury Department and includes top officials such as those from the Justice and Homeland Security departments.)
Also on Monday, TikTok employee Patrick Ryan filed a separate federal lawsuit alleging that Trump's executive order was defamatory and caused violations of due process and equal protection of the law.
Of particular concern, according to Ryan's suit, is the pay of TikTok 1,500 U.S.-based employees, which could be threatened by Trump's action. TikTok employees "have families to feed, rents and mortgages to pay and health care to manage," according to the suit.
"The U.S. employees of TikTok are pawns in a political spitting match between China and President Trump, who has decided to make 'Tough on China' a central theme of his" re-election campaign," wrote Ryan, who is a attorney and is represented by New York-based Blackstone Law Group.
TikTok, known for short, often goofy videos, has been downloaded more than 2 billion times worldwide, recording in the first quarter of 2020 the most downloads of any app in history, according to research firm Sensor Tower.
TikTok has its U.S. headquarters in Los Angeles. The company says it has plans of hiring an additional 10,000 American workers over the next three years.
Facebook recently launched a service remarkably similar to TikTok called Reels following Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg long publicly warning about how an ascendant China poses a direct threat to American technology, a theme he underscored during his remarks last month to Congress.
TikTok CEO Kevin Mayer called Facebook's Reels a "copycat service" that is "disguised as patriotism and designed to put an end to our very presence in the U.S."
The White House did not immediately comment on TikTok's lawsuit.
Editor's note:TikTok helps fund NPR-produced videos from Planet Money that appear on the social media platform.
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